Aaron Douglas Essay Example For Students

Aaron Douglas Essay Individuals may ask, what other than a tornado can come out of Kansas? All things considered, Aaron Douglas was conceived of May 26, 1899 in Topeka, Kansas. Aaron Douglas was a Pioneering Africanist craftsman who drove the path in utilizing African-arranged symbolism in visual workmanship during the Harlem Renaissance of 1919-1929. His work has been credited as the impetus for the class joining subjects in structure and style that confirm the legitimacy of the dark cognizance and involvement with America. His folks were Aaron and Elizabeth Douglas. In 1922, he moved on from the University of Nebraska School of Fine Arts in Lincoln. Who believed that this man would ascend to meet W. E. B. Du Boiss 1921 test, requiring the changing hand and seeing eye of the craftsman to lead the path in the quest for the African American personality. However, following a time of showing craftsmanship in Kansas City, Missouri, Douglas moved to New York Citys Harlem neighborhood in 1924 and started concentrating under German craftsman Winold Reiss. His tutor debilitated Douglass propensity for conventional pragmatist painting and urged him to investigate African workmanship for plan components would communicate racial responsibility in his craft. The youthful painter grasped the lessons of Reiss to build up a one of a kind style joining African-American and dark American topic. He before long had caught the consideration of the main dark researchers and activists. About the hour of his marriage on June 18, 1924, to Alta Sawyer, Douglas started to make representations for the periodicals. Early the next year, one of his representations showed up on the title page of Opportunity magazine, which granted Douglas its first prize for drawing. Likewise, in 1925, Douglass representations were distributed in Alain Lookes overview of the Harlem Renaissance, The New Negro. Distributer Looke considered Douglas a spearheading Africanist, and that stamp of applause and endorsement for the craftsman impacted future students of history to portray Douglas as the dad of Black American workmanship. His notoriety immediately spread past Harlem, and started to mount painting shows in Chicago and Nashville, among the various different urban areas, and to paint wall paintings and recorded stories deciphering dark history and racial pride. During the mid-1920s, Douglas was a significant artist for Crisis, Vanity Fair, Opportunity, Theater Arts Monthly, Fire and Harlem. In 1927, in the wake of outlining a collection of refrain by dark artists, Caroling Dusk, Douglas finished a progression of artworks for writer James Weldon Johnsons book of sonnets, Gods Trombones: Seven Negro Sermons in Verse. Douglass pictures for the book were roused by Negro Spirituals, customs of Africans and dark history. The arrangement soon to became among the most celebrated of Douglass work. It characterized figures with the language of Synthetic Cubism and acquired from the expressive style of Reiss and the types of African model. Through his drawings for the arrangement, Douglas verged on designing his own artwork style by this mix of components in his work. During this time, Douglas teamed up with different writers. It was additionally his craving to catch the dark articulation using paint. He invested a great deal of energy watching benefactors of zone dance club in Harlem. Douglas said that the vast majority of his compositions that were caught in these specific dance club were chiefly roused through music that was played. As indicated by Douglas, the hints of the music was heard all over the place and were made generally during the Harlem Renaissance by very much prepared specialists. Douglass work was viewed by most pundits as a much needed refresher. His work represented geometric equations, circles, triangles, square shapes, and squares turned into the predominant plan themes for Douglas. It was in Douglass arrangement of canvases considered God Trombones that Douglas initially communicated his responsibility using geometric shapes for Black craftsmen. .ua86923de532645ea20a5db0ab56e4347 , .ua86923de532645ea20a5db0ab56e4347 .postImageUrl , .ua86923de532645ea20a5db0ab56e4347 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ua86923de532645ea20a5db0ab56e4347 , .ua86923de532645ea20a5db0ab56e4347:hover , .ua86923de532645ea20a5db0ab56e4347:visited , .ua86923de532645ea20a5db0ab56e4347:active { border:0!important; } .ua86923de532645ea20a5db0ab56e4347 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ua86923de532645ea20a5db0ab56e4347 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ua86923de532645ea20a5db0ab56e4347:active , .ua86923de532645ea20a5db0ab56e4347:hover { darkness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ua86923de532645ea20a5db0ab56e4347 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relativ e; } .ua86923de532645ea20a5db0ab56e4347 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enhancement: underline; } .ua86923de532645ea20a5db0ab56e4347 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ua86923de532645ea20a5db0ab56e4347 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content embellishment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua86923de532645ea20a5db0ab56e4347:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ua86923de5326 45ea20a5db0ab56e4347 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ua86923de532645ea20a5db0ab56e4347-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ua86923de532645ea20a5db0ab56e4347:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Harriet tubman EssayThe countenances and appendages in these arrangement of artworks are deliberately attracted to uncover African highlights and conspicuous Black postures. In Gods Trombones, Douglas accomplished his authority of hard-edge painting utilizing represented highlights and lines. Through his utilization of these things he had the option to enliven the firmness in the figures which represented Art Deco. In any case, dissimilar to the enhancing programs that exist in Art Deco, the majority of Douglass work gained by the development that was impacted by the rhythms of Art Nouveau. Every one of the artistic creations i n the Gods Trombone arrangement communicates the humanist worries of Douglas. For instance, in Judgment Day, one of the seven Negro lessons Douglas outlined for James Weldon Johnson, he wanted to put underline on the positive appearance of Black force. In this work of art, Gabriel, who speaks to the chief heavenly messenger, sounds the trumpet to stir the dead from their profound rest. He is depicted in this Painting as a lean Black man from whom the last natural vocal sound is heard. The sound, which is seen to traverse the world, is the imaginative music of the Black man, and his blues. The music, which is seen to arouse all countries, is the tune of a bluesman or renowned trumpet player. The performer, who is thus the craftsman, remains in the focal point of the universe sounding the uproarious horn on Judgment Day. Douglas likewise has followed Johnsons narrative and utilized disentangled figures and structures to allow his understanding of the Black keeps an eye on spot of position to rule the subject. At the stature of his ubiquity, Douglas left for Europe in 1931 to go through a year learning at LAcadenie Scandinave in Paris. At the point when he came back to New York in 1932, the Great Depression was inundating America. Douglas finished, for the New York Public Library in 1934, a progression of wall paintings portraying the whole African-American experience from African Heritage, the Emancipation, life in the rustic South, and the contemporary urban problem. After three years after Charles S. Johnson an extremist in the Harlem Renaissance joined the Fisk University staff and turned into the Universitys president during the 1940s and an individual dark craftsman selected Douglas to build up a workmanship division in Nashvilles Fisk University. Edwin Harlston of Charleston, South Carolina finished a progression of exceptionally huge wall paintings. These wall paintings portrayed the course of Negro History. Douglas showed painting and was seat of the craftsmanship office at Fisk from 1937 until his retirement in 1966. Before Douglass demise in Nashville of February 3, 1979, his work had been displayed all through the nation and highlighted in buddy volumes, including Paintings by Aaron Douglas 1971, by David Driskell, Gregory Ridley, and D. L. Graham and The Centuries of Black American Art 1976 by David Driskell. In the decade following his passing, the inventive craft of spearheading Africanist Aaron Douglas was includes in various presentations and in basic distributions.

Advanced Metering Technology

Progressed Metering Technology Theoretical: This paper depicts about the improvement of cutting edge metering and the force the board system. Energy sparing is the significant one on the planet situation. We need vitality to do anything in this world. The interest of intensity is developing at a quicker rate than the transmission limit because of the expansion in populace development and furthermore increment in coal, fuel costs. To defeat the deficiency of intensity flexibly, this paper gives an outline of remote sensor organize by dealing with an equivalent appropriation of capacity to the customers by utilizing Zigbee innovation and furthermore to evade the force robbery issue. The Zigbee Digital Power meter (ZPM) which use the Wireless sensor system to send the force utilization perusing of the purchaser hub to the vitality supplier segment. The vitality supplier side will show the vitality unit devoured by the customer in the LCD which set in their homes. At the vitality supplier side they have the control to change need of the gadgets when force circulated in low range. Catchphrases: Power the executives framework, remote electric meter, Wireless sensor organize, Zigbee and so on Presentation The World is currently confronting a most basic issue of not getting a continuous force flexibly. In numerous nations, the individuals living there had not by any means getting the gracefully for their essential needs, for example, light,fan,tv etc.This happens because of deficiency of intensity supply.Due to enoromous development in populace the force dispersed by the base station can't have the option to use similarly by all the individuals living in the country.Because of over population,the request of vitality is expanding step by step. Inorder to defeat the lack of intensity supply,government is basic numerous undertakings to give nonstop flexibly to the customers by embedding atomic force plants,by having MOU with remote nations to get coal,fuels et,and numerous more.And likewise researchers are doing numerous experiments,researches to give more power gracefully to satisfy the people groups need.The governments are currently finding a way to spare the vitality as opposed to basic force age tasks and this paper will be one of key for that. At existing system,the vitality supplier are closing down the force gracefully inorder to spare vitality during the vitality emergency time for more than 4hours per day.This makes inconvenience the beneath arrived at the midpoint of and the white collar class people groups are influencing more by power cut.The industries,companies,factories are having inverters to get consistent force supply.The people groups who doesn't have the inverters are enduring more. During the force deficiency times a significant number of them utilizing AC(Air Conditioner),Fridge,Heater and so forth so request of intensity is more i.e.,the nductive burdens devouring more vitality so the individuals who having single stage gracefully are having low-voltage problems.Through this technique we can ready to deal with the force by giving vitality just to the low force expending gadgets like fans,light,computer and so on which are the essential needs.And not permitting the ability to the high force devouring gadge ts like air conditioner,heater,etc. To accomplish this, framework can be made which will separate between high force and low force gadgets at each hub and permit just low force gadgets to be ON.This can done by making a remote sensor organize having number of hubs which speak with one another in full duplex mode. The correspondence will comprise of information move, controlling hub activity. We are utilizing zigbee convention for the remote correspondence. The principle bit of leeway of utilizing ZigBee convention is that the hubs require extremely less measure of intensity so it very well may be worked from battery.If any hub which devours more force than the dispensed vitality then the force streams that hub gets cutted through the intrude on given through the zigbee so we can evade the force burglary. Every hub is estimating the force, which is being devoured by the apparatus and it is sent to the vitality supplier area through remote sensor organize and furthermore the units devoured by the hub is shown in LCD which is place at the shopper side. The apparatus is constrained by the end gadget for example hub. A general activity of the framework constrained by the control gadget. The fundamental motivation behind the undertaking is that the remote sensor system will separate and control the gadgets in the system based on power devoured by apparatuses to utilize power additionally to dodge power robbery and units devoured by the hub can likewise suggested to the purchaser side and the vitality supplier side. Through that the shopper can ready to screen the use of vitality. Likewise we proposed the e-charging framework in this paper. Charging framework for power utilization is physically done by human administrator. Readings gathered by human administrator are utilized for charge count. Manual preparing of charging framework is very tedious and it can cause human blunder also.The manual bill section is wrong and inefficient.Due to the innovation advancement we are utilizing computerized meter rather than simple meter. . It is helpful to execute remote electric meter by interfacing Zigbee module with the advanced electronic meter. All computerized electronic meter alongside Zigbee module can frame a system. The utilization of Wireless Personal Area Networks has been consistently expanding as of late. The bother and strategic worries of laying wires for a correspondence organize lay the ground for a significantly more engaging advances fusing remote transmission. Expelling the imperatives of the physical establishment of wires, remote arrangements give as sorted variety and in numerous applications can decrease cost. Information from electric meter, for example, meter perusing can be transmitted to the vitality supplier Station from buyer hub by shaping a way utilizing system topologies. Zigbee module bolster Star, Tree, and Mesh topology. Zigbee systems encourage numerous applications, for example, Commercial Building and Home Automation, Security, Healthcare Medical Monitoring, Vehicle Monitoring, Agriculture and Environmental Monitoring, etc. The Zigbee convention stack dependent on IEEE 802.15.4 offers a viable, savvy answer for minimal effort and low force utilization WPANs. . Zigbee depends on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard alongside different conventions like Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. Zigbee works in the modern, logical and clinical (ISM) radio band, explicitly at 2.4 GHz universally and 868MHz or 915 MHz in explicit pieces of the world. The straightforwardness and cost of Zigbee systems makes them a more noteworthy one for remote control and checking applications. The Zigbee convention can bolster more than 65,565 hubs and can work in three system topologies: Mesh, Star and Ring. Writing SURVEY 2.1 S. Vukmirovic, A. Erdeljan, F. Kulic, and S. Lukovic, â€Å"SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE FOR SMART METERING SYSTEMS WITH VIRTUAL POWER PLANT,† in MELECON 2010-2010 fifteenth IEEE Mediterranean Electro specialized Conference. IEEE, 2010, pp. 448â€451. This paper presents a novel engineering for Smart Metering frameworks which empowers their consistent, secure and productive coordination in more extensive Smart Grid programming structures. Brilliant metering arrangements speak to one of the quickest advancing regions in the field of intensity appropriation frameworks. There is a broad enthusiasm of driving programming sellers in the field, for advancement of structures that can productively oversee transmission, preparing and putting away of the colossal measure of information created by such metering gadgets conveyed toward the end-end side. The combination of these frameworks into existing force framework programming designs (blackout the executives, workforce the board, and so forth.) speaks to a significant test for the examination network. In such a situation it is of central significance to embrace normalized information trade instruments. The proposed engineering is imagined as a particular and adaptable structure with the g oal that it can bolster usage of novel force dispersion ideas as Virtual Power Plants (VPPs). The proposed design has been effectively tried and confirmed, in actuality, activity as one of the modules of Smart Metering framework named Meter Data Management (MDM). 2.2 Z. Xiao, Y. Xiao, and D. H.- C. Du, â€Å"NON-REPUDIATION IN NEIGHBORHOOD AREA NETWORKS FOR SMART GRID,† IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 18â€26, 2013. Need ofnon-repudiationis a significant hindrance to building a trustworthysmartgrid.Oncurrent power frameworks, bills are created dependent on the measure of administration devoured by private or business clients. In any case, meter readings may not be reliable because of pernicious conduct (e.g., vitality burglary) or outer assaults. The main driver is that power suppliers have no way to acquire the perusing esteem other than accepting it from the others. To determine this issue, we present a shared assessment technique, which empowers no denial on meter readingsforsmartgrid. The objective of our plan is to find risky meters that report off base understanding qualities. 2.3 S. Depuru, L. Wang, V. Devabhaktuni, and N. Gudi, â€Å"MEASURES AND SETBACKS FOR CONTROLLING ELECTRICITY THEFT,† in IEEE North American Power Symposium, 2010, pp. 1â€8. The majority of the service organizations in creating nations bring about colossal misfortunes in view of the non-specialized misfortunes (NTL). It is hard to identify and control potential reasons for NTL in creating nations because of their poor foundation. Power robbery and charging inconsistencies structure a significant piece of NTL. These misfortunes influence the nature of gracefully, electrical burden on the producing station and duty forced on power devoured by real clients. This paper talks about different elements those impacts the customer to make an endeavor to take power likewise, some convenient situations where power robbery are distinguished will be outlined. Taking into account these evil impacts, a few techniques for identification and estimation of the burglary will be talked about. This paper additionally shows a few

Introducing Time Tracking with Harvest in MeisterTask - Focus

Introducing Time Tracking with Harvest in MeisterTask - Focus MeisterTask now seamlessly integrates  with the popular time tracking tool Harvest. The integration enables you to utilize Harvests extensive time tracking,  reporting and billing functionality without having to switch back and forth between Harvest and MeisterTask  all the time.  When you enable the integration, a Harvest time tracking button will appear inside your tasks, which you can use to quickly start and stop the timer. How to Connect MeisterTask with Harvest This tutorial presupposes that you already own a Harvest account. If you dont yet have an account, you can sign up for a free trial on the Harvest website  now. Step 1: Open the MeisterTask project you want to connect to your Harvest account. Click on the ( i ) button in the top bar and select Manage to open the Project Settings. Step 2: In the Project Settings, switch to the Features tab and scroll down until you see the Harvest entry. Click on Add. Step 3: On the integration page, click on Enable Harvest Integration. Once the loading spinner has disappeared, the Harvest integration is enabled. How to Track Time in MeisterTask Using the Harvest Integration Step 1: Open the task you want to work on and click on the grey ( H ) button in the tasks top right corner. This opens the Harvest popover. If this is the first time youre using the integration, you will be asked to sign in to your Harvest account. Once youve signed in, youre ready to start tracking time. In the Harvest popover you can Select the Harvest project and task you want to track time in Edit the name of this timesheet (by default MeisterTask inserts the task name) Start the timer OR manually enter a time Clicking on My Timesheet  opens the Harvest app in your browser where you can then edit the timesheet further, view reports, create invoices for your billable hours, and much more. Ready to get productive with MeisterTask and Harvest? Just head on over to your MeisterTask project and connect it to your Harvest account! As a MeisterTask Basic user, you are able to set up  two integrations in total. As a Pro user,  the number of integrations is unlimited. Benefit from MeisterTasks practical integrations! Go Pro $ 7.50/month Go Pro Please note: The time you track using the Harvest integration  is only saved in Harvest, not in MeisterTask. As such, it is also not considered in MeisterTask’s internal time tracking reports and statistics. The Harvest integration currently only works in the MeisterTask web app as well as the Mac App version 1.2.7 and up. You can download the latest Mac App version from the Mac App Store. Introducing Time Tracking with Harvest in MeisterTask - Focus MeisterTask now seamlessly integrates  with the popular time tracking tool Harvest. The integration enables you to utilize Harvests extensive time tracking,  reporting and billing functionality without having to switch back and forth between Harvest and MeisterTask  all the time.  When you enable the integration, a Harvest time tracking button will appear inside your tasks, which you can use to quickly start and stop the timer. How to Connect MeisterTask with Harvest This tutorial presupposes that you already own a Harvest account. If you dont yet have an account, you can sign up for a free trial on the Harvest website  now. Step 1: Open the MeisterTask project you want to connect to your Harvest account. Click on the ( i ) button in the top bar and select Manage to open the Project Settings. Step 2: In the Project Settings, switch to the Features tab and scroll down until you see the Harvest entry. Click on Add. Step 3: On the integration page, click on Enable Harvest Integration. Once the loading spinner has disappeared, the Harvest integration is enabled. How to Track Time in MeisterTask Using the Harvest Integration Step 1: Open the task you want to work on and click on the grey ( H ) button in the tasks top right corner. This opens the Harvest popover. If this is the first time youre using the integration, you will be asked to sign in to your Harvest account. Once youve signed in, youre ready to start tracking time. In the Harvest popover you can Select the Harvest project and task you want to track time in Edit the name of this timesheet (by default MeisterTask inserts the task name) Start the timer OR manually enter a time Clicking on My Timesheet  opens the Harvest app in your browser where you can then edit the timesheet further, view reports, create invoices for your billable hours, and much more. Ready to get productive with MeisterTask and Harvest? Just head on over to your MeisterTask project and connect it to your Harvest account! As a MeisterTask Basic user, you are able to set up  two integrations in total. As a Pro user,  the number of integrations is unlimited. Benefit from MeisterTasks practical integrations! Go Pro $ 7.50/month Go Pro Please note: The time you track using the Harvest integration  is only saved in Harvest, not in MeisterTask. As such, it is also not considered in MeisterTask’s internal time tracking reports and statistics. The Harvest integration currently only works in the MeisterTask web app as well as the Mac App version 1.2.7 and up. You can download the latest Mac App version from the Mac App Store.

The Effects Of Video Games On Our Children - 1627 Words

Video games have been accused of contributing too many acts of violence or aggression for decades. What the media misses is that video games have many benefits we haven’t found in any other media. Society should stop being afraid of video games and instead start looking forward to how we can best use them to benefit ourselves and our children. Anyone who doesn’t understand why needs only take a quick look at our society. Per a survey, â€Å"90% of children in the United States play video games and 70% of heads of households play video games, too. That leads to the average age of video gamers to be 33 years old† (Bavelier 21). Society is changing and non-gamers are being left behind. Playing video games have good effects on our brains such as improvement in basic visual processes, improvements in attention and vigilance, improvements in executive functioning, improvements in job-related skills, and improves thinking process. Firstly, playing video games improves o ur basic visual processes. In brief, it improves visual contrast sensitivity and provides successful treatment of amblyopia. For instance, â€Å"Fifty hours of action video game play (spread over ten to twelve weeks) improved visual contrast sensitivity (the ability to distinguish subtle differences in shades of gray) compared to controls† (Burnsed 23). Furthermore, Amblyopia (also called â€Å"lazy eye†) is a disorder arising from early childhood in which one eye becomes essentially non-functional. As an illustration, BavelierShow MoreRelatedThe True Cause Of Violent Behaviors1613 Words   |  7 Pages(Fletcher). Nine out of the top ten selling games have been labeled as violent and 42% of adolescents play them (â€Å"Children and Video Games†). These violent video games are a major problem in the United States and across the globe. 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Social Awareness Essay Autism - 1550 Words

Social awareness Essay Topic: Autism Introduction Attention getter: Autism affects every 1 in 68 children; It is one of the fastest growing developmental disorders in the u.s (Facts about Autism. Autism Speaks. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2016. Minor details about the issue Autism FAQ - History. Autism FAQ - History. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2016. . history Thesis: BodyX3 Topic sentence: The definition/ characteristic Autism Characteristics. List of Autism Characteristics. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2016. . Featured Conferences. Welcome to Temple Grandin s Official Autism Website. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2016. . Spectrem/ famous people Treatments Evidence to support it: Interview question/ answer: Statistics McGillivray, Dan B., and Amy B. McGillivray. Autism. Personal interview. 11 Mar. 2016. Web. Concluding Sentence: Figure 1 Autism is now known as one of the fastest growing development issues in the united states. 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Although the immunization programs, which areRead MoreOutline the Similarities and Differences in the Ways in Which Social Interactive Skills Develop in Two Neurodevelopmental Disorders3416 Words   |  14 Pagesâ€Å"Outline the similarities and differences in the ways in which social interactive skills develop in two neurodevelopmental disorders† Joint attention/ social interest vocabulary development No. 3: Dawson et al 2004: early social attention impairments in ASD: including social orienting joint attention i.e. joint attention No. 4: Laing 2002: atypical dev of language social communication in toddlers with WS(effect of dydadic interactions) i.e. Joint attention No. 7: Ahktar GernsbacherRead MoreEvidence Based Practice Essay3892 Words   |  16 Pagesof this essay is to critically analyse and summarise three selected papers which focus on a structured question, linked to a relevant issue with in my nursing programme. The specific question in focus is â€Å"what are the experiences of parents/guardians caring for a child with autism†. Within this essay there will be a description as to how and why the pacific question was chosen. There will also be an explanation of how the correct research papers where allocated. Further on in the essay the threeRead MoreResearch On Nature And Nurture Debate1607 Words   |  7 PagesThe following essay will address issues in relation to the nature and nurture debate. The indicated debate reviews aspects of behaviours, either inherited or obtained by environmental influences (Waches 1992). Wachs (1992 p. 2) states ‘the development of a child could be viewed as akin to the growth of a plant- a little sunshine and a little water was all the environmental contribution that was necessary to promote what was inherent in the organism’. The main focus of the essay is exploration ofRead MoreDevelopments in Improving Care for People with Special Needs1140 Words   |  5 PagesBrunei, although numerous strategies and programmes, which aim for the rights of the disabled to be protected, have been developed, Her Royal Highness Princess Sarah (HRH) asserts that there is still room for improvements (Rabiatul Kamit, 2013). This essay will thus discuss a series of developments in improving care for people with special needs, in terms of education, employment, and welfare. First of all, because people with disabilities are more likely to attend only special learning institutionsRead MoreThe True Meaning Of Reading Is Not A Disinterested Activity By Applying New Critic Ideals1322 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough an active conscious and awareness which registers the object, suspending all presuppositions, inferences, or judgements. A text, when criticised phenomenologically, is seen in aesthetic and affective aspects, existing only in the reader. Scholar Stanley Fish extended these ideas into what is now called Reader-Response Criticism, or R-RC discussing the influence the reader has on the interpretation, making â€Å"reading an active activity† (Cowgill 5). This essay will discuss the idea that readingRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorders And Its Effects3072 Words   |  13 PagesAutism spectrum disorders, or ASDs, are a set of disorders of neural brain development with many causes at their roots, and while recent research has determined several pot ential causes as to why the disorder occurs, its ambiguity raises an additional question of to what extent the general public understands the reality of the disorder. The various disorders include: autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise

Non Tariff Barriers Free Essays

NON TARIFF BARRIERS What are non tariff barriers? Non- tariff barriers are broadly defined as any impediment to trade other than tariffs. Non tariff barriers can be classified into two groups; Direct and Indirect. (a)Direct Barriers are barriers that specifically limit import of goods or services. We will write a custom essay sample on Non Tariff Barriers or any similar topic only for you Order Now Eg: Embargoes and quotas EMBARGOES: Embargoes are the most restrictive of the direct non tariff barriers. They are either a complete ban on trade with a foreign nation or a ban on sales or transfer of specific products. Eg: The U. S. has imposed embargoes on Afghanistan, Cuba, Iraq and Iran. QUOTAS: Quotas are a quantitative restriction on imports. They are based on either value of goods or on quantity. They can be placed on all goods of a particular kind coming from all countries, a group of countries or only one country. (b) Indirect Barriers are laws, administrative regulations, industrial/commercial practices and even social and cultural forces that either limit or discourage sale or purchase of foreign goods or services in a domestic market. To restrict imports, countries may impose monetary or exchange controls on currencies. Foreign governments can impose technical barriers to trade, for example, performance standards for products, product specifications or products safety. Eg: Japan has governmental restrictions on the use of food preservatives. It is a trade barrier in disguise, because foods without preservatives cannot be transported long distance. Import Licensing Schemes and Customs Procedures Some governments require importers to apply for permission to import products, subjecting them to complex and discriminatory requirements. It is often expensive and time-consuming. Let us look at some tariff measures that are maintained against Indian exports: 1)Country- The United States of America Product- Marine Products Non tariff barrier- Increased in-detailed inspections under the Bio-Terrorism Act. -Customs Bond requirement -Mandatory labeling discriminating ‘farm-raised’ ‘wild’. -Punitive fines in case of non-compliance -Non-recognition of EIC certification 2)Country- Columbia Product- Pharmaceuticals Non tariff barrier – Registration by Columbian Drug Control and Certification takes 11-12 months and is very tedious. Inspections are undertaken for environmental compliance and punitive fines are levied in case of non-compliance 3)Country- Bangladesh Product- Poultry products Non tariff barrier- Bangladesh continues to ban imports of poultry products despite India gaining the ‘Avian influenza free’ status. )Country- Chile Product- Wheat, wheat flour, sugar Non tariff barrier- Complex price band system -A minimum import price (well above international and domestic prices) is stipulated. The Argentinean Customs can ask for validation of Indian Customs Invoice and a full set of original documents if they suspect that the invoiced value is less than the minimum import price established. 5)Country- China Service- Banking Non tariff barrier- China maintains a number of regulatory barriers which make investment in the banking sector very difficult. While foreign banks are allowed to open branches, regulatory treatment remains discriminatory. Branches of foreign banks are for example subject to higher capital norms than Chinese banks, which moreover are coupled with the number of their offices. Costs for establishing bank branches in China are therefore very high and foreign banks market share in China remains marginal REFERENCES International Business Law and its Environment- Richard Schaffer, Filiberto Augusti Beverly Carle International Business- Francis Cherunilam How to cite Non Tariff Barriers, Papers

The Principles Of Machiavelli A Book Review Of The Prince Essays

The Principles of Machiavelli : a book review of The Prince The Principles of Machiavelli : a book review of The Prince Machiavelli's views have been misinterpreted since his book was first written, people take him in the wrong way, and are offended by what he says. Careless readers take him in a completely wrong way, such as they think that he believes that the end justifies the means, that a leader should lie to the people, and that a ruler has to rule with force. In actuality, Machiavelli means no such thing, he says that there are times when the common good outweighs the means, and the morality of a rulers actions. He also says that you cannot be loved by everyone, so try to be loved and feared at the same time, but of the two, choose to be feared. The Prince is considered to be one of the most important of nonfiction literature written in the history of mankind. It gave an accurate and truthful description of the method of governing. Machiavelli understands the importance of a military force, and that a country has to be kept in order, even if that means lying to the people to get them to fight against a common foe. In Europe, the church was entangled in politics, and everything else, but Machiavelli suggests a secular state, which would allow the leader to do that which is necessary for the country and for his continued reign, though not necessarily moral. The ends do not justify the means, yet sometimes if the end is necessary for the continuation of a society, then the means do not have to be morally bound. A ruler cannot please everybody all the time, so therefore, he has to be cunning in order to maintain control. There are times when a ruler needs to lie to the populace, in order to reach a goal that is better in some way for the nation. By tying the church to the government, people expected the government to behave morally, but often times, an entirely moral ruler will be overthrown. A ruler cannot show any weakness, or else he will no longer be feared enough to keep him in power, and he will be overthrown. In The Prince, Machiavelli asserts that it is best for a ruler to be both feared and loved, but if he cannot be both, it is much better to be feared. People are unlikely to overthrow a ruler that they fear, because they fear the punishments for failure. If the ruler is not feared by the people, he will eventually upset enough of them that they will rise up against him, and they will overthrow him because of his perceived weakness. He believes that the state is completely separate from the rulers private life. No matter how immoral the ruler may be in private, only his public image is important. A ruler can be a sleazy person on their own time, and when not involved with matters of the state, but at any time when the leader is involved in politics and the state, you can not afford to injure the image of the ruler or else anarchy will develop.

Construction Law Coursework The WritePass Journal

Construction Law Coursework Introduction Construction Law Coursework IntroductionRelevant LawA Legally Binding ContractAdvice to the PartiesAnalysis of the LawThe Legal Position of the PartiesAlbattBudgettCansysBibliographyRelated Introduction This essay provides advice to Albatt plc (‘Albatt’), Budgett Technology Ltd (‘Budgett’) and Cansys Ltd (‘Cansys’) in relation to their legal positions concerning a contract for the service of Albatt’s electronic processors. Firstly, the advice shall briefly outline the relevant law before analysing the applicable law and advising each party separately. Relevant Law A Legally Binding Contract In English law, the traditional approach to determining whether or not a binding agreement has been entered into is to examine whether or not the following three elements are present: offer, acceptance and consideration (New Zealand Shipping Co. Ltd v A M Satterthwaite and Co. Ltd). However, in the event that the above three elements are not clearly evident from the facts of the case, the intention to enter into a binding agreement shall be deduced by enquiring into the objective intention of the parties to enter into such an agreement by considering all the circumstances of a case: the offer, counter-offers, acceptances, revocations and rejections (Gibson v Manchester City Council). It is also noteworthy that an offer can be distinguished from an invitation to treat which arises where an individual is simply seeking to initiate negotiations as opposed to expressing an intention to be bound by their promise (Richards 2008, p 17). However, in any given case, the intention of the parties must be assessed before arriving at a decision as to whether or not there is an offer or invitation to treat (Chapelton v Barry UDC). The facts of this case would suggest that it involves an invitation for tenders. If that is the case, an invitation for tenders constitutes an invitation for offers to be submitted which can then be either accepted or rejected (Spencer v Harding).   Albeit, it ought to be borne in mind that in certain circumstances, where a tender has been submitted in accordance with the applicable rules, an invitation to tender can amount to an offer, thereby providing a party with a right to have their tender opened and considered (Blackpool and Fylde Aero Club Ltd v Blackpool Borough Council).   In the case of the supply of services, the supplier whose bid is successful is making a standing offer which is accepted by the other party every time an order is placed. Further, in circumstances concerning standing orders, a supplier can refuse to supply the services before the expiry of the agreed period without being found guilty of breach of contract providing the revocation is communicated to th e other party (Great Northern Railway Co. Witham). However, the existing orders must be honoured (Offord v Davies). An exception to the general rule that acceptance must be communicated to the other party (Powell v Lee) is the postal rule (Adams v Lindsell), which provides that acceptance takes place immediately once a letter has been validly posted (Brinkibon Ltd v Stahag Stahl und Stahlwarenhandelsgesellschaft GmbH). However, the postal rule can be negated where there is an indication from the offeror that they must receive acceptance before it shall bind them (Household Fire and Carriage Accident Insurance Co v Grant). Furthermore, in the case of forms of communication which are instantaneous, the acceptance occurs at the moment the communication is received by the other party (Entores v Miles Far East Corporation). Therefore, the position in general regarding instantaneous forms of communication is that the law in this regard seems to indicate that acceptance is effective on receipt. Finally, it is also worth noting that the terms of an offer must be unconditionally accepted otherwise any attempt to introduce new terms shall constitute a counter-offer (Hyde v Wrench). Advice to the Parties Analysis of the Law Albatt initially offered the contract for the service of their electronic processors to Budgett. The letter outlining this offer indicated that Budgett should reply by return of post. The case law in this instance suggests that a reply by post or an equally expeditious method will be acceptable (Tinn v Hoffman and Co). However, the letter did not reach Budgett until 6th September, due to an error in the address which was put on the letter. Nevertheless, Budgett did receive the letter on 6th September and, immediately upon receipt, accepted the offer and posted the acceptance letter at 11:00AM on the same day. According to the case law, the postal rule dictates that Budgett’s letter shall constitute an acceptance once it had been validly posted (Brinkibon Ltd v Stahag Stahl und Stahlwarenhandelsgesellschaft GmbH). However, Albatt had agreed by telephone to offer Cansys the contract on 5th September after not receiving any reply from Budgett, and Cansys duly accepted the offer. That said, Albatt did not send a notice of withdrawal of the original offer to Budgett until 6th September. This notice was sent by fax, which is an instantaneous form of communication (Entores v Miles Far East Corporation). A notice of withdrawal sent via this method shall become effective once it has been received if sent during office hours (The Brimnes). This is the case irrespective of whether or not the other party has had sight of the notice. The Legal Position of the Parties Albatt Albatt’s legal position revolves around the issue of when the fax setting out the notice of withdrawal was sent to Budgett. If it had been sent prior to 11:00AM, on 6th September, then it would appear that Albatt had not entered into a legally binding agreement with Budgett (The Brimnes). However, if the fax was sent after 11:00AM the issue would turn on when Budgett’s acceptance letter had been validly posted (Brinkibon Ltd v Stahag Stahl und Stahlwarenhandelsgesellschaft GmbH). If the letter was validly posted prior to the notice of withdrawal being received, Albatt will have entered into a contract with Budgett. If not, only the contract with Cansys will be valid. In light of the fact that the fax was received by Budgett at 10:30AM, no legally binding contract had been entered into between Albatt and Budgett (The Brimnes), irrespective of the fact that nobody read the fax until 5:00PM. Budgett Budgett’s legal position turns on the issue of when its letter of acceptance was validly posted, as set out above (Brinkibon Ltd v Stahag Stahl und Stahlwarenhandelsgesellschaft GmbH). If it the letter was validly posted before Albatt’s notice of withdrawal was received, Budgett can sue for breach of contract if Albatt does not honour the agreement. If the notice of withdrawal was sent outside normal business hours, however, it would not become effective until the following day (providing that this was a normal working day) (Mondial Shipping and Chartering BV v Astarte Shipping Ltd). It is noteworthy that a court would place much emphasis on the intention of the parties (Brinkibon Ltd v Stahag Stahl und Stahlwarenhandelsgesellschaft GmbH). However, given that Albatt’s fax was received by Budgett at 10:30AM on 6th September, a court would find that no contract had been entered into between the parties (The Brimnes). Nonetheless, Budgett may have a claim in neglige nce due to the mistake in the address put on the offer letter which was sent on 1st September and was directly responsible for the delay in Budgett’s acceptance being communicated to Albatt. Cansys Cansys communicated an offer to Albatt to do the servicing work on 4th September for  £160,000, per annum. However, the terms of an offer must be unconditionally accepted otherwise any attempt to introduce new terms shall constitute a counter-offer (Hyde v Wrench). Therefore, Albatt’s offer to give Cansys the contract for  £155,000, instead of  £160,000, would constitute a counter-offer which would negate the original offer. Nevertheless, Cansys accepted this offer and an agreement was struck between the parties. The facts of the case therefore indicate that Cansys entered into a legally binding contract with Albatt for the service of its electronic processors for the sum of  £155,000, per annum for five years on 5th September following a telephone conversation between the respective parties. Word Count: 1422 Bibliography Text Books Richards, P. (2008), Law of Contract, Eighth Edition, UK: Pearson Education Ltd Furmston, M. P., Cheshire, G. C. Fifoot, C. H. S. (2007), Chesire, Fifoot and Firmston’s Law of Contract, 15th Edn., USA: OUP Beale, Prof. H., Chitty on Contracts Volume 1: General Principles, UK: Sweet Maxwell Stone, R. (2011), The Modern Law of Contract, Ninth Edn., UK: Routledge Furmston, M., (2006), Powell-Smith and Furmstons Building Contract Casebook, UK: Blackwell Publishing Case Law Adams v Lindsell (1818) 1 B Ald 681 Blackpool and Fylde Aero Club Ltd v Blackpool Borough Council [1990] 3 All ER 25 Brinkibon Ltd v Stahag Stahl und Stahlwarenhandelsgesellschaft GmbH [1983] 2 AC 34 Chapelton v Barry UDC [1940] 1 KB 532 Entores v Miles Far East Corporation [1955] 2 QB 327 Gibson v Manchester City Council [1979] 1 All ER 972 Household Fire and Carriage Accident Insurance Co v Grant (1879) 4 Ex D 216 Hyde v Wrench (1840) 3 Beav 334 Mondial Shipping and Chartering BV v Astarte Shipping Ltd [1995] CLC 1011 Offord v Davies (1862) 12 CBNS 748 Powell v Lee (1908) 99 LT 284 New Zealand Shipping Co. Ltd v A M Satterthwaite and Co. Ltd [1975] AC 154 Spencer v Harding (1870) LR 5 CP 561 The Brimnes [1975] QB 929

Losada Colada The Power of Positive Thought and Action

Losada Colada The Power of Positive Thought and Action The Losada Ratio As part of a project to put together a weekend training in March, I have been given a leadership assignment: Losada Colada! â€Å"Losada Colada†? Whatever is that? In the terms it was given to me, my assignment is to communicate 3 positive things for every critical one. Let me explain: The Losada ratio is defined (see The Power of Positivity, in Moderation) as the sum of the positivity in a system divided by the sum of its negativity.  Amit Amin, in the above-referenced article on happierhuman.com, reported that a ratio of 3.0 to 6.0 is highly correlated with high performance in multiple areas of life. The ratio predicts divorce rates with 90% accuracy and is also highly predictive of the profitability and satisfaction of teams in organizations. College students with a positivity score of 3.0 or above exhibited higher emotional and social health. While there are known issues with the mathematics of how Losada ratios have been calculated, the basic premise is indisputable: As long as you are not unreasonably positive/optimistic in a way that could be harmful to your well-being, more positive thinking- and communication- will make you a more productive person with better relationships and a more fulfilling life. The Positivity Challenge Why then, even knowing this, do I find myself often focusing on the negative? I had a lot of training growing up on doling out criticism, and in my adult life I have even given myself a job where it is my job to find what’s wrong with someone’s writing and fix it. This is a very comfortable activity and attitude for me. I do make an effort to provide positive feedback in addition to the negative: When making comments on a document I often insert, â€Å"Love this word!† â€Å"Nice phrasing here!† â€Å"Yes YOU come through so much more now!† But somehow I almost always feel like I’ve pointed out more wrong than right, especially when editing the work of my writers. As project manager for this upcoming weekend workshop  www.transformweekendtraining.com, I am being trained to create group enthusiasm. My assignment of Losada Colada is intended to make me better at doing that with a team of people who, like me, are doing this work not as a paid job but for their personal growth. Without their buy-in, our project will likely struggle. And so I keep my instructions in mind: 3:1 ratio positive:negative. The Impact of Positivity Even before this assignment, I trained myself to say at least one positive thing before saying a negative one; saying three is taking extra focus. I like it because it is allowing me to see more of the strengths in the people around me than I normally see. I’m not doing a perfect job with this assignment. For instance, one of my team members (I’ll call him Ron) was holding two roles and not doing either of them 100%. I called him to relieve him of one of the roles, thinking he would be happy that some responsibility was being taken off his shoulders; but he was clearly hurt. I looked at how I had communicated. Had a done my Losada Colada assignment? Nope. I called Ron back, told him I had messed up and not done my assignment, then appreciated him for 3 things. He responded much better to that communication. And when I told our group about the change in leadership, I made sure to appreciate Ron for all he had done well. Ron took more action on his other role than he had in the 3 weeks before this communication! It worked. LinkedIn Losada As LinkedIn members and networkers, we can all practice Losada Colada. I received the following note in my inbox a few days ago: â€Å"Thanks for connecting with me Brenda, and more importantly the wonderful tips. I love them 🙂 I will definitely will spread the word about what a wonderful person and incredible resources you offer. I just signed up for mailers 🙂 YES!† This note made me feel great! It even got me to investigate further into the website this connection was promoting. He was practicing what he preached! I’m going to keep doing my Losada Colada assignment for the rest of my life. I will probably get more out of it than a I would from a sweet drink on the beach, though I do enjoy pineapple and coconut (non-alcoholic) beverages! How do you envision bringing Losada Colada into your relationships, both at home and at work? What do you think the impact might be? If you try it and see results, please share your stories!

Why is ethically correct to criticize competitors through comparative Essay

Why is ethically correct to criticize competitors through comparative advertisement - Essay Example Ever since its approval, comparative advertisements has been compared to a double edged sword in which it promotes one product whereas demotes the other. An ideal comparative advertisement provides the customers with honest and sincere information in order to compete with a product so that the consumers can make a better choice while purchasing the commodity. Various researches proved that comparative advertisements help to create awareness among consumers, hence, the less popular brands become popular and the market for the popular brands tend to decrease. Comparative advertisement is considered unethical when the comparison provides the consumer with fake information and misleads the customer on purpose. Hence unethical comparative advertisements may also result in lawful proceedings. In accordance with one court any oblique remark, any indirect proclamation or any suggestions that may mean more than one thing are considered unethical. It is also considered wrong if an advertisemen t flatters their product in comparison to other. Furthermore, any sort of name calling, insulting and finger pointing are considered wrong and should be avoided at all possible costs when indulging in comparative advertisements. To keep a check and balance on comparative advertisements and to keep it within limits various organizations in the United States such as American Association of Advertising Agencies, the National Association of Broadcasters and the FTC have issued do’s and don’ts of comparative advertisements. One such example is of NBC, which says that the companies should not discredit, disparage or attack the competitors, products or industries in an unfair way (BoveÃŒ e & Arens, 1982). A list of guidelines by The American Association of Advertising Agencies is made up of ten points which ensures that a comparative advertisement remains within the ethical boundaries. The first point

Global Theroy and Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global Theroy and Plan - Essay Example Furthermore the impact that this would have on other dimensions such as human resource management planning would be vast. The first and foremost element of my personal theory of global executive management development is centered around three principles which are aligning the needs of employees with the organizational objectives of the company, ensuring regular cross-cultural communication training takes place and finally putting in place policies that ensure positive relationship building. Aligning the needs of employees with the objectives of the organization is important to personal management development. It can be the case that in many organizations there is disequilibrium between these two parties. For example an organization may stress the importance of business ethics, but in some circumstances there may be pressure on employees to act in an ethically questionable way. These policies could theoretically result in employees feeling frustrated or isolated. According to Connors & Smith (1999) having a common goal and sharing accountability is an important element to an organization staying united and productive. When addressing the importance of regular cross-cultural communication training it is important to consider that an increasing number of employees are taking international assignments particularly people working for multinational corporations. A study conducted by Liu and Lee (2008) concluded that cross-cultural training had a significant impact on the overall expatriate adjustment in a host country. By preparing a manager to meet the needs of an expatriate position there would be a reduced risk of employee turnover as well as better overall employee job satisfaction. Even if an employee does not take an overseas position the benefit from a cross-cultural training could theoretically be very important to meet the needs of an increasingly diverse workforce and client base

The Polemic about Tattoos :: essays research papers fc

The polemic about tattoos I was wondering why tattoos are a controversial point in our society! There are people against and people that really like tattoos, but who is right? Should I think it is a good or a bad thing? Maybe for the tattooists the art involves is worth the pain and sacrifice of being tattooed. For the religious, it is a sin to sacrifice one’s body with so meaningless purpose. Now I don’t think there are excuses to justify so drastic a way of art, but analyzing the points of view I will try to clarify some questions I still have about this body art such as the reason people have tattoos, â€Å"When did tattooing start?†, the dangers involved in this procedure, the removal of a tattoo and society’s reaction to tattooed persons. Thinking it is weird to have one’s body penetrated many times by a needle to make only a drawing I do not think is worth it. So, why do people have tattoos? Why it is a common place nowadays? Probably because people see that the tattoo is a way of expression, but the real motivation to acquire it varies among groups and cultures. It marks thoughts, opinions, memories†¦Some persons obtains tattoos as a means of asserting their personal identity or sexual orientation. Tattoos may be a testament to feelings of love, they have been associated with rites of passage and identification with groups. Nowadays tattoos is used for some cosmetic medical procedures and permanent make-up applications, according to the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences’ web site. Some women seek facial tattooing as method of permanent adornment that reduces the need of cosmetics, what can be helpful when, for example, a compromised vision impairs the ability to apply make-up. Talking with a friend who likes a lot of body art, Manoela Cunha, she said: â€Å"I like tattoos because they make me feel â€Å"the one†! There is no one else in the world like me it is a way of identification†. She adds: â€Å"It is not a rebellion of thoughts, it’s just something I like and I really don’t care about other peoples judgment†. She said it is not a painful thing, none of her 3 tattoos and her piercing hurt, and she is planning to get others. Analyzing the past, I can see it is not a recent thing. I read once in a web site about frequently asked

A Case Study of Afghan Women’s Rights Essay

Afghanistan has experienced almost three decades of continuous conflict, which has undermined the physical and sexual security of Afghan women in rural as well as urban environments. In a historical analysis, rape prevalence and sexual violence are directly related to ethnic conflict and warring factions. The International Coalition has exacerbated the problem of warlord-dominance in the countryside by utilizing Northern Alliance militias in the â€Å"War on Terror.† These militias have records of extensive human rights abuses and war crimes, including the perpetration of systemic rape campaigns for ethnic-cleansing. Human rights abuses force Afghan women to live in terror.1 Sixteen-year-old Nazia’s family wedded her to a forty-year-old man, Mumtaz, in September 2007.2 Two weeks later, her husband beat her for no obvious reason. 3 Mumtaz had become suspicious that Nazia met other men secretly, so he beat her until she fainted See more: Ethnic groups and racism essay .4 He tied her down and broke her teeth with a stone.5 He poured boiling water on her feet.6 When Nazia subsequently did not cook dinner for him because she could not stand, he tied her up and beat her again.7 While enduring the violence, she felt an excruciating pain in her left and right ears and tasted blood flowing down her face.8 Mumtaz had cut off her ears and her nose with hisknife.9 Nazia’s story, told from her hospital bed in Qalat,Afghanistan, 10 serves as an example of the plight of women in Afghanistan11 and the human rights violations targeted atwomen.12 Human rights abuses against Afghan women occur daily.13 Women face punishment such as public whippings, stonings, and imprisonment for inadvertently exposing their ankles or for wearing brightly colored shoes.’ 14 Although Afghanistan’s current constitution,15 and the international treaties 16 to which Afghanistan is a signatory, enumerate equal rights for women and men, 17 poor law enforcement, lack of awareness about women’s rights,and conservative traditions 18 prevent the promise of equal rights from becoming a reality.19 Despite these guarantees of women’s fundamental rights, significant challenges remain for Afghan women in terms of implementing the constitutional provisions, and reconciling the more conservative and male-dominated aspects of Afghan society with culturally pragmatic conceptions of gender equality.20 The 2003 Constitution also requires that Afghanistan abide by international conventions that it has signed,21 including the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (â€Å"CEDAW†),22 yet Afghan women and girls continue to suffer from entrenched discrimination throughout the country. 23 As a result, Afghanistan is currently a haven for severe human rights abuses against women and girls.24 Women are the victims of discrimination and human rights abuses because Islamic societies often interpret human rights for women to conflict with Islamic law. 25 Afghanistan is one of these societies.26 Despite equal rights for women and men written in the 2003 Constitution, Afghan women are not afforded rights equal to men in practice, and they presently live in terror. 27 This comment addresses gender rights in Afghanistan, focusing on continuing human rights violations28 despite Afghanistan’s international treaty obligations 29 and prohibitions against discrimination in the 200 3 Afghan Constitution. A member of the Bamyan Provincial Council, Wahidi Beheshti, is accused of killing a young girl named Shakila on January 22 this year in his own house in Bamyan province. She had been raped by Beheshti and then killed with a gun of his bodyguard. Beheshti’s family claimed Shakila had committed suicide; however forensics proved that she had been killed. Wahidi Beheshti denied any involvement in the matter but the police had also said that Shakila had been killed with a gun of Beheshti’s bodyguard Qurban. Also the forensics who performed the postmortem said they had found evidence that Shakila had been raped by Beheshti before she was killed. According to Mohammad Alam, Shakila’s brother, both Beheshti and his nephew Abdul Wahab were present at the scene of the murder but both denied their presence. He had told Bokhdi News Agency, â€Å"Wahidi Beheshti threatened my family by phone several times and demanded that we cooperate with them so that the matter is resolve d quietly. He promised in his phone calls that he will pay the court money to free Qurban (accused of murder) and wrap up the matter in whatever way possible.† Wahidi Beheshti’s brother Fokori Beheshti is a member of the parliament and his father was a strongman in the area during the 1990s. The case is under deliberation in a court in Bamyan province but Beheshti’s powerful brother and friends are trying to free him by any means possible. According to sources Fokori Beheshti, Said Hussain Anwari and Said Alimi Balkhi (all members of the national assembly) have pressurized the police forensics not to present evidence of Shakila’s rape by Wahidi Beheshti to the court. In a country where so-called lawmakers rape and kill an innocent girl, it is only natural to expect obstruction of justice. There are thousands of Shakilas who die victims or live a life of pain and sufferings, and hundreds of Beheshtis who roam about freely thanks to the impunity given to them by cruel local commanders, misogynist lawmakers and judges, and ultimately the corrupt mafia government.30 During the consultations, a majority of women expressed that they have not meaningfully participated in planning for the Security Transition. In the provinces where Transition has yet to officially start, women do not believe they will be involved in consultations to determine future plans, steps, and activities associated with the transfer of security authority. Recent consultations also revealed that women do not feel that Afghan National Security Forces are responsive to women’s needs and do not uphold human rights standards. Women perceive Afghan National Security Forces as not having the full capacity and expertise necessary to address the security needs of Afghan citizens, especially women and children. They also believe that in recent years, little attention has been given to build the capacity of ANSF to improve civilian adherence to existing laws and advance rule of law by demonstrating that people who violate laws will be punished. However, women still expressed a strong interest in the international community continuing to work to build the capacity and adequately resource the ANSF. Policy makers in Afghanistan reiterate again and again that transition is not about military and security matters alone, however practical experience on the ground shows that there isn’t adequate attention paid to improving rule of law, governance, and access to justice. Similarly, it is unclear how such processes are impacting women’s security. Transition should start from a citizen-articulated vision in which women and men of Afghanistan take responsibility for their better future. The road map for the exit of international forces is necessary; however, an accelerated withdrawal will jeopardize the investments of human life and material resources generously contributed by more than 40 nations, not to mention the numerous casualties of Afghan National Security Forces and enormous sacrifice by the this country’s women, men and children. Women organizations and activists have better access to local communities and are aware about the challenges and causes of insecurity in their communities; therefore they should be consulted and included to ensure that security and transition plans are implemented successfully. BACKGROUND A. Treatment of Women in Afghanistan from the Rule of the Soviet Union to the Present Following civil war in Afghanistan in 1978, the Soviet Union took control of Afghanistan and created many opportunities for women,including aggressive literacy programs.31 Under the Soviet Union’s Communist regimefrom 1979 to 1992, Afghan women enjoyed equal rights and social, economic, and political freedom.32 In the 1980s, the Communists enforced equal rights for women and men in a civil-war-torn Afghanistan.33 As a result, women held a greater number of business, law enforcement, and Parliament positions than they did prior to the civil war. 34 Furthermore, education and employment became more socially acceptable for women.35 As a result, women assumed positions as lawyers, entertainers, and doctors.36 As part of this greater freedom, women saw more educational, employment, and professional opportunities. 37 In 1979, female students even outnumbered male students at universities.38In 1992, 39 the Communist regime fell and the Islamic State of Afghanistan assumed control.40 Subsequently, the â€Å"rights and dignity of women went out the window 41 The 1977 constitution that guaranteed equal rights for women and men was â€Å"thrown out 42 The Islamic State of Afghanistan began to remove women’s rights systematically, and institutionalized various violations against women.43 In 1993, the Islamic State of Afghanistan ruled women must be completely covered, women could not wear perfume or makeup, and women’s freedom and mobility would be restricted.44The justification for these rulings was that men become too excited by women and are tempted to stray from the Islamic way of life, and the restrictions on women reduce this temptation.45 In addition, other, more violent human rights abuses towards women occurred under the Islamic State of Afghanistan, such as torture, rape, and sexual abuse.46 Interestingly, also in 1993, as part of the Vienna Declaration,47 Afghanistan formally reaffirmed its â€Å"faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, and in the equal rights of men and women 48 The Vienna Declaration also stressed the importance of eliminating violence against women and â€Å"any conflicts that may arise between the rights of women and the harmful effects of certain traditional or customary practices, cultural prejudices and religious extremism.49 Despite Afghanistan’s part in the Vienna Declaration, human rights abuses against women continued as the Taliban 50 emerged as a volatile presence in Afghanistan.51 Taliban rule, which lasted from 1996 to 2001,52 resulted in major setbacks for women.53 The Taliban developed as a political-religious force,54 and eventually seized the cities of Kandahar in 1994, Herat in 1995, and Kabul, Afghanistan’s capital, in 1996.55 Before the Taliban captured Kabul, women made up seventy percent of teachers, forty percent of doctors, and generally worked in all areas of employment.56 After the Taliban fully seized power, it severely oppressed women’s rights. 57 The oppressive Taliban policies violated United Nations treaties, but the Taliban asserted that the treaties’ duties were inconsistent with religious law and cultural practices.58 The Taliban began by closing all schools for girls and forbidding women to work outside the house. 59 The Taliban imposed rules on women, restricting their freedom of movement, dress, education, and employment.60 The women and girls who violated these rules received punishments, including beatings on the streets, amputation of limbs, and public executions.61 The Taliban justified its practices in accordance with its interpretation of the Quran,62claiming to follow a pure, fundamentalist Islamic ideology.63 Taliban leaders enforced the law as they saw fit and prohibited differing interpretation. 64 The plight of Afghan women living under the Taliban regime became an issue of global concern. 65 After the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, and the subsequent United States military invasion of Afghanistan in October 2001, the Taliban regime collapsed.66 This development presented women with the opportunity to fight for gender equality.67On December 5, 2001, the Bonn Agreements 68 mandated that the Transitional Administration of Afghanistan set up a Constitutional Commission to draft a new constitution.69 The Constitutional Commission’s mandate was to ascertain the Afghan people’s desires, both within the country and abroad, regarding their new constitution.70 The thirty-five member commission drafted the new constitution. 71 Seven of the thirty-five commission members were women, 72 which ensured the â€Å"participation of women in the constitution making process73 As part of the drafting commission, Afghan women w ere finally able to play a role in addressing women’s fundamental rights in the 2003 Constitution.74 INTERNATIONAL POLICY: REVIW AND RECOMMENDATIONS War and political insecurity in Afghanistan are directly related to rape incidence and sexual violence, especially under a free reign of ethnically divided militia factions. By empowering the Northern Alliance militias, the international community has created a long-term institutional problem that will undermine the democratic transition. Not only do these warlords have the military capacity to affect the electoral processes in their localities, but their de facto rule of the countryside also incapacitates the central authority in maintaining effective governance. The preponderance of warlords has also been legitimized through the democratic process, which offers militia commanders an opportunity to engage the political process in an official capacity while secretly maintaining their criminal and military powers. As a result, the international community has made the long-term presence of coalition military forces necessary for maintaining law and order. Because the international community empowered these militias in the War on Terror, the presence of international forces is required to keep the commanders under control, in order to avoid the brutality and violence of the civil war period. The recent decision by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to increase the number of International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) troops to expand the international mission into the unstable countryside is the most recent attempt to bolster the central government’s effectiveness in the rural regions.75 The expanded mission has been hailed as the solution to transition from warlord rule to democratic self-governance. The Canadian military recently announced that its new troop contingent expects to remain in Kandahar province for up to 20 years to help restore the country and prevent another collapse into civil war. These forces are expected to act as a stabilizing force to keep warlords in check. However, a long-term international presence might be alarming to Afghans who have a history of deep xenophobia and hostility towards occupying forces. Furthermore, regional and international power struggles between Pakistan and India, and the USA and Russia have exacerbated Afghanistan’s internal fragmentation, as international military forces continue to mobilize paramilitary groups against their rivals. Afghan people have also grown suspicious of the international humanitarian agenda in Afghanistan, which diverts a majority percentage of international funds to private security and foreign salaries, rather than food, medicine, or other vitally needed supplies for Afghan people. There are four key actions that the International Coalition and civil society actors must consider in order to correct the political chaos that has emerged in the post-Taliban period, which undermines the rights and protection of Afghan women. First, American forces must stop financing militias for use against the Taliban and al-Qaeda in the War on Terror. By utilizing these proxy militias, the international community has disempowered Afghan people and undermined the capacity of the central government to protect its citizens and enforce its laws. The resulting political instability and preponderance of foreign-backed warlords and militia groups in the countryside also directly threatens both the physical and sexual security of rural Afghan women. Second, the warlords that the US-led coalition co-opted during the offensive against the Taliban, who now hold official Parliamentary and Cabinet positions in the central government, must be stripped of their political power in the new democ racy. Furthermore, those warlords accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity, including sexual abuse, must be brought before both local courts and international tribunals. In order to establish a culture of social reconciliation and peace-building, all human rights violations committed during the four war periods must be resolved through legal and social mechanisms that provide rape victims with the opportunity to seek justice for atrocities perpetrated against them. Traditional values, especially those pertaining to women, the family, and social justice, must be considered in the development of laws that address violence against women. Third, in order to address the survival needs of the majority of Afghan women, international civil society actors must invest in rural development, health, and education, and co-operate with local partner organizations. Currently, international funding for humanitarian assistance is directed primarily towards the more stable and accessible urban envi ronments, where international organizations have developed isolated communities of wealthy ex-patriots. Rampant accusations that non-governmental organizations have squandered Afghanistan’s international funding through dubious projects and lofty salaries for foreign workers must also be investigated, in order to establish legitimacy and accountability within the civil society network. The creation of an internationally-sponsored, government-monitored, socially responsible, and grassroots civil society in rural Afghanistan would empower rural women in their communities and increase the capacity of the central government in the lawless countryside. Fourth, the traditional Islamic culture and values of Afghans must be respected in the development of women’s rights policies. Historically, Afghans have opposed radical changes in women’s social and legal status, especially those that they perceived violated the principles of Islamic law. In order to maintain a semblance of legitimacy with rural peoples, the international community must demonstrate an understanding of and respect for traditional norms and Islamic religious values, including those pertaining to women. By operating within culturally sensitive frameworks, the international community would avoid hostile backlash and better address the needs of Afghan women. The failure of the state of Afghanistan remains the most fundamental obstacle in the promotion of gender equality, as without the strength to enforce domestic legal and political reforms in rural areas, the government is ineffectual in most of the country. The International Coalition in Afghanistan must cease empowering and enabling warlords and militia commanders for convenient military purposes, which fundamentally impedes efforts to bring rapists and human rights violators to justice in local and international arenas. Coalition forces and the international community must also remain conscious of the deep Islamic character of the Afghan people, as it pertains to cultural norms that apply to women, sex, and family relations. The recommendations listed above build upon and supplement the concrete recommendations developed by Afghan women who have advocated for their inclusion in peace and security processes over many years. Each time, women have worked to develop solutions for what needs to be done to improve their situation. AWN brings a number of these recommendations back to the memory of policy makers who may have read Afghan Women Position Paper toward Bonn and Beyond. This is a reflection to evaluate the level of seriousness and attention that might have been put towards the demands of women since September 2011. 1. Women’s organization should be included in designing, monitoring and evaluating indicators that measure the impact of transition on women. Transition decisions should be based, in part, on results of this monitoring. 2. The recruitment of Afghan Local Police (ALP) and other security alternative needs to include a transparent vetting process so that former and current warlords with previous record of human rights violations do not automatically become part of the national forces. A portion of the vetting process should be community based, allowing women’s groups and women from communities to report on the background of the newly enrolled security forces 3. Women leaders in government and civil society are under constant attack, while it is necessary to ensure women’s protection in general, women leaders’ protection needs to be a priority as per their critical role as agents of change in society against conservative elements taking Afghanistan back to 199 0. 4. The Afghan government should have a clear reporting process for the human rights instruments and international laws that it has signed and needs to demonstrate that Afghan laws are not in contradiction with its international legal commitments for women. 5. A joint International Afghanistan War Memory Commission should be created so that the past 30 years of war violations are identified and there is a documentation process as a matter of conflict prevention. Such an investigation does not have to conclude in a legal trial but a memory of war and the beginning of a healing process. Otherwise, the practice of impunity will not unite Afghans towards a rule of law culture. CONCLUSION Afghanistan is still a haven for gender violence and discrimination despite equal rights enumerated in the Afghan Constitution. 76The Afghan Constitution requires that Afghanistan abide by the UDHR, the U.N. Charter, and other international treaties to which Afghanistan is a signatory. 77 However, these rights are unrealized in practice due to problems with the judiciary, such as lack of training and corruption,78 and the lack of awareness among the Afghan people of the law.79 To remedy these problems, Afghanistan should interpret its Constitution in accordance with Islamic laws following the examples of Iran80 and Egypt81 Afghanistan should train the judiciary not only on secular law, but on how to interpret the Constitution and international law in accordance with Sharia. If feasible, respected Islamic judges from Egypt should provide guidance to Afghanistan’s judges.Furthermore, Afghanistan should simultaneously disseminate information like the Bench Book 82 to increase women’s awareness and understanding of their rights and the procedural mechanisms to report infringement upon their rights. As Afghanistan continues to develop and strengthen its legal infrastructure within the framework of Islamic law, progressive interpretation of the Sharia is necessary in order for constitutional laws to be accepted and followed by Muslims.83 As the people of Afghanistan become more aware of the laws that govern their state and as they accept that women’s rights principles can co-exist with Islamic principles, women’s participation in society and politics will improve. This would be a large and overdue step for Afghanistan. References: 1. See Jessica Nash, Editorial, Afghan Women Forced to Live in Terror, W. GEORGIAN, Oct. 17, 2007, http://media.www.thewestgeorgian.com/media/storage/paper523/news/2007/10/1 7/Opinion/Afghan.Women.Forced.To.Live.In.Terror-3035567-page2.shtml. 2. Nazia Afghanistan: â€Å"My Husband Cut off My Ears and Nose and Broke My Teeth,† IRIN NEWS, Dec. 26, 2007, http://www.irinnews.org/HOVReport.aspx?ReportId=76003. 3. Id. 4. Id. 5. Id. 6. Id. 7. Id. 8. Nazia Afghanistan: â€Å"My Husband Cut off My Ears and Nose and Broke My Teeth,† supra note 2. 9. Id. (showing pictures of the mutilation). 10. Id. 11. Michael Stittle, Warlords No Better Than Taliban, Says Afghan MP, CTV NEWS, Nov. 8. 2007, http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20071107/Malalai-Joya 071107/20071107/. 12. See Nash, supra note 1. 13. See id. 14. Id. 15. The 502 delegate Loya Jirga (â€Å"Grand Council†) passed the 2003 Afghan Constitution on January 4, 2004, which governs Afghanistan today. JAMES INGALUS, THE NEW AFGHAN CONSTITUTION: A STEP BACKWARDS FOR DEMOCRACY 1-2 (2004), http://www.fpif.org/papers/2004afghanconst.html. 16. See infra notes 105-09 and accompanying text. 17. See infra notes 87-90. 18. Women Workers Exposed to Health Risks in Herat Factories, IRIN NEWS, Oct. 30, 2007, http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=75048. 19. See, e.g., Nash, supra note 1 (explaining that women’s freedoms are restricted every day in Afghanistan). 20. Horia Mosadiq, The New Afghan Constitution: How Women Succeeded in Ensuring Certain Rights and What Challenges Remain, 3 CRITICAL HALF 28, 28 (2005), available at http://www. womenforwomen.org/news-women-forwomen/ files/crit-half/CHJournalv3.pdf. 21. AFG. CONST. art. 7, available at http://afghanland.com/history/constitution.html. 22. United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: States Parties, http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/states.htm (last visited Oct. 18, 2008) [hereinafter CEDAW: States Parties]. 23. Human Rights Watch, More Business Than Usual: The Work Which Awaits the Human Rights Council, Mar. 12, 2007, http://hrw.org/englisb/docs/2007/03/12/sudanl5471.htm [hereinafter HRW, More Business Than Usual]. 24. Id. 25. Katherine M. Weaver, Comment, Women’s Rights and Shari’a Law: A Workable Reality? An Examination of Possible International Human Rights Approaches through the Continuing Reform of the Pakistani Hudood Ordinance, 17 DUKE J. COMP. & INT’L L. 483, 483 (2007). 26. See supra notes 15-21 and accompanying text.27. See Nash, supra note 1. 28. HRW, More Business Than Usual, supra note 23 (â€Å"Afghan women and girls continue to suffer from entrenched discrimination throughout the country.†). 29. CEDAW: States Parties, supra note 22. Afghanistan acceded the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women on March 5, 2003. Id. 30. See http://www.rawa.org/temp/runews/2012/07/18/a-member-of-bamyan-s-provincial-council-accused-of-raping-and-murdering-a-teenage-girl.html .

A Traumatic Brain Injury - 1708 Words

A traumatic brain injury (â€Å"TBI†) occurs when the brain is somehow injured, rattled, or wounded from an external source of force. The means of acquisition and the severity of TBIs are unique to each patient; therefore, symptoms and rehabilitation can vary greatly depending on the patient’s condition following the incident and how they sustained the injury. The severity of a TBI is generally classified into one of three categories: mild, moderate, or severe, and this type of diagnostic criteria influences how a patient with TBI is treated by medical staff and rehabilitation specialists. TBIs can affect a specific part of the brain that was directly impacted, leaving the patients with only one or a few areas of impairment, or the damage can†¦show more content†¦Percentages of favorable recovery outcomes in the â€Å"other incidents† group ranged from 26% for gunshot wounds to 100% for shaken baby syndrome (Madjan et al. 804). This wide range of scores indicates that the â€Å"other incidents† category was likely too generalized to produce significant results. The above mentioned research study did not control for the age of traumatic brain injury patients in such a way that patients could be compared on this basis. Research on brain damage (due to traumatic brain injury, substance abuse, and other means of neurological harm) and the effects of age on the likelihood of extensive recovery has been conducted over the past several decades in the fields of both medicine and psychology, and conflicting evidence exists. Some studies suggest that young brains are more vulnerable to irreversible brain damage due to the underdevelopment of neurons and brain structures, while other studies indicate that the brains of older individuals are less â€Å"plastic† than in younger individuals, making them less resilient to damage. 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